地球 Earth

太阳系 The Solar System

地球的起源和演化

大约在46亿年前，从太阳系的星云中分化成原始地球，形成时一片荒芜，经过了十几亿年的演化，逐渐形成了生机盎然的地球。

The Origin and Evolution of the Earth

About 4.6 billion years ago, disintegrated form the nebula of the solar system, the earth had a barren landscape, but with billions of years of evolution, the earth becomes exuberant.

冥古宙（38亿 年前）地球景观

Earth Landscape during Hadean（3.8 billion years ago）

早期地球复原图--岩浆冷凝及海洋起源

Reconstruction Figure of the early Earth--Magma cooling and Marine Origin

地球表面演化:大陆漂移

The Evolution of the Earth Surface: Continental Drift

地球的圈层结构

地球圈层结构分为地球外部圈层和地球内部圈层两大部分。外部圈层可分为大气圈、水圈、生物圈等；内部圈层可分为地壳、地幔和地核三个主要的圈层。

The Layered Structure of the Earth

The earth can be divided into outer circle layer and inner circle layer. The outer circle is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and so on; the inner circle is divided into three main layers including crust, mantle and core.

大地之书

地球上最古老的地层距今已有39亿年了，在漫长的地质历史长河中，不同时间段形成的岩层相互叠层，就如同一本书的书页一样，面对如此厚重的“大地之书”，我们该如何探索其中的奥秘呢？地质学家们按地层形成的时代来划分出“章节“， 就像历史学家把我国的历史划分为唐、宋、元、明、清那样，每一个年代所形成的地层，就按这个年代名来命名。宙、代、纪、世、期代表地质年代，与其对应的地层单位就是宇、界、系、统、阶。

The Book of Earth

The oldest stratum on the earth formed 3.9 billion years ago. In the long geological history, rock strata forming in different time are mutually laminated, like the pages of a book. When we face such heavy “The Book of Earth”, how could we explore the mystery? The geologists divided the strata into “chapters” based on formation era of the strata, like the division of the history of our country into Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing dynasties made by the historians. Each stratum that formed in different eras is named after the formation era. “Eon”, “Era”, “Period”, “Epoch” and “Age” present geological time scales, the corresponding stratigraphic unit is "eonothem", "erathem", "system", "series", and "stage" respectively.

生命的演化

地球上生命的演化是一个非常漫长的过程。在地球形成后的30多亿年左右，出现了最原始的单细胞生物，随着时间的推移，从简单到复杂、从低等到高等、从单细胞到多细胞，生物越来越复杂多样。大约在2百万年前，人类出现，代表了地球生物演化的最高阶段。

The Evolution of Life

It takes an extremely long period of time for the evolution of life. The primitive unicellular organism appeared about 3 billion years after the earth was formed. As time goes on, creatures are becoming more and more complicated — from simplicity to complex, inferiority to superiority, unicellular organism to multicellular organism. About 2 million years ago, the appearance of human beings is the symbol of the highest stage of biological evolution on Earth.

探寻岩石的奥秘

岩石俗称石头，是天然产出的由一种或多种矿物或其它物质构成的固态集合体，它构成地球的岩石圈（地壳和上地幔）。按照岩石形成过程的不同，可划分为火成岩（也称岩浆岩）、沉积岩、变质岩三大类。

Explore the Mystery of Rocks

Rock, commonly know as the stone, is a naturally produced solid-state aggregation which consists of one or more minerals or other materials. They constitute the lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) of the earth. According to different formation processes of rocks, they can be divided into three rock types including igneous rocks (also known as magmatic rocks), sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

火成岩：也称岩浆岩，是由来自地球深部炽热的岩浆固结而成的岩石。岩浆岩按产状可分为侵入岩（岩浆侵入到地壳一定深度内，缓慢冷凝固结形成侵入岩）和喷出岩（岩浆喷出地表，沿坡流动，迅速冷凝固结形成喷出岩）。

Igneous rock: Igneous rocks, also called magmatic rocks, are kind of rocks formed by solidification of hot magma derived from the deep earth. According to their occurrence, magmatic rocks can be divided into intrusive rocks (magma intrudes the crust within certain depth with slow condensation and consolidation forming intrusive rocks) and extrusive rocks (magma erupts above the surface and flows along the slope with rapid condensation and consolidation forming extrusive rocks).

沉积岩：是在地表条件下，母岩经风化作用、生物作用、化学作用和某种火山作用的产物，经过搬运、沉积，并经胶结、压实和重结晶形成的层状岩石。

Sedimentary rock: Sedimentary rocks are formed under the condition of the earth's surface. They are produced by transportation and deposition after parent rocks undergoing weathering, biological effect, chemical action and kind of volcanism forming layered rocks through cementation, compaction and recrystallization.

变质岩：先期形成的火成岩、沉积岩或变质岩，经变质作用（如温度、压力等物理条件的巨大变化或具有化学活动性流体的强烈影响），变成具有新的矿物组合及变质结构与构造特征的岩石。
Metamorphic rock: Previously formed igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rocks, which underwent metamorphism (such as great changes of temperature, pressure and other physical conditions; or strong influence of chemically active fluid), would form a type of rocks that has new mineral assemblages with characteristics of metamorphic textures and structures.

随着温度和压力的增加，变质程度逐渐加深，岩石矿物成分和结构特征与原岩差别越来越大。

With temperature and pressure increasing, metamorphism grade would be gradually increased and mineral compositions and structure characteristics of rocks would have a bigger and bigger difference from the original rocks.

变质岩 Metamorphic Rock

常见变质岩类型 Common Types of Metamorphic Rocks

With Temperature and Pressure metamorphic rocks's Change

3大类岩石的形成与转化

岩浆岩、沉积岩、变质岩这三种岩石在一定的条件下是可以相互转化的。

Formation and Transfomation of Three Kinds of Rocks

Magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks can be transformed into each other under certain circumstances

绚丽多彩的矿物

矿物是由地质作用所形成的天然单质或化合物。它们具有相对确定的化学组成，而且大多数具有一定的晶体形态，是组成岩石的基本单元，目前已知的矿物约有4145种。

The Colorful Mineral

Minerals are natural elementary substance or compound formed by geological processes. They have relatively definite chemical composition and most have a certain crystal form. They are the basic unit forming rocks.About 4145 kinds of minerals have been known so far.

常见等轴晶系矿物晶体形态 The Common Shape of Cubic System Mineral Crystal

矿物分类 Classification of Minerals